Tuberculosis, or TB, remains one of the most persistent and concerning public health challenges in India and particularly in the northeastern region. Despite significant medical progress, the disease continues to affect thousands every year, often beginning with a symptom many of us tend to ignore, a persistent cough.

In regions like Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Manipur, where varying environmental, social, and healthcare factors come into play, tuberculosis continues to pose serious health risks. This blog aims to raise awareness about the disease, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, and to emphasize why early medical consultation is vital.

At Breathe Superspeciality Clinic & Diagnostics, Guwahati, our mission is to educate and empower people to identify early signs of respiratory illnesses, seek timely help, and live healthier lives.

 

Understanding Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis) but can also involve other parts of the body such as the kidneys, spine, or brain.

TB spreads through the air when a person with active pulmonary tuberculosis coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing microscopic droplets containing the bacteria. When another person breathes in these droplets, they may become infected.

However, not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. TB infection can exist in two forms:

  1. Latent TB Infection (LTBI) – The bacteria remain in the body in an inactive state. The person doesn’t show symptoms and isn’t contagious, but TB can become active later if the immune system weakens.
  2. Active TB Disease – The bacteria multiply and cause symptoms. This form is contagious and requires immediate medical attention.

 

Why TB Remains a Concern in the Northeast

The Northeast region of India, though rich in culture and natural beauty, faces unique challenges that contribute to the continued prevalence of tuberculosis. Some of the key reasons include:

1. High Humidity and Poor Ventilation

The warm and humid climate in parts of Assam and Meghalaya encourages the spread of airborne infections. Poorly ventilated houses and workplaces make it easier for TB bacteria to circulate, especially in densely populated urban areas.

2. Limited Awareness

Despite widespread government campaigns, many people still misunderstand the symptoms of TB or associate it with social stigma. As a result, they often delay seeking medical help.

3. Underdiagnosis and Irregular Treatment

Some patients stop their medication early when they start feeling better, leading to drug-resistant tuberculosis. Others never get tested due to lack of awareness or fear of discrimination.

4. Socioeconomic Factors

Malnutrition, poverty, and limited access to healthcare facilities increase vulnerability. In some rural and hilly areas, it can take hours to reach a diagnostic center or clinic.

5. High Burden of Respiratory Diseases

The Northeast also faces a growing burden of asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), and chronic bronchitis due to pollution and biomass fuel exposure. These conditions can complicate or mask tuberculosis symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis.

 

Common Symptoms of Tuberculosis

TB often starts subtly and may mimic other common illnesses. Recognizing symptoms early can save lives. The most common symptoms include:

  • Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
  • Coughing up blood or sputum
  • Chest pain or discomfort while breathing or coughing
  • Fever that often comes and goes
  • Night sweats
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Fatigue or weakness
  • Loss of appetite

If you or someone in your family has had a cough for several weeks, do not ignore it. Early diagnosis and treatment are the best ways to control the spread and ensure a full recovery.

 

How TB Spreads

TB spreads through airborne particles expelled when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs or sneezes. The bacteria can remain suspended in the air for several hours, especially in closed spaces with poor ventilation.

However, TB is not spread through:

  • Handshakes or casual contact
  • Sharing food or drinks
  • Touching surfaces

It’s important to note that prolonged exposure is generally required to contract the infection.

 

Who Is at Higher Risk?

Certain individuals are more likely to develop TB, especially those whose immune systems are weakened. These include:

  • People with HIV/AIDS
  • Diabetics
  • Smokers and alcohol consumers
  • People with poor nutrition or anemia
  • Those undergoing cancer treatment or long-term steroid therapy
  • Healthcare workers or family members exposed to TB patients
  • Elderly individuals and those living in crowded or poorly ventilated conditions

 

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective TB management. At Breathe Superspeciality Clinic & Diagnostics, Guwahati, a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory testing is used for TB detection.

1. Medical History and Physical Examination

The doctor will review symptoms, duration, exposure history, and perform a thorough physical check-up.

2. Sputum Test

A sputum sample is collected and tested for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using microscopy, GeneXpert (CBNAAT), or culture tests.

3. Chest X-ray

A digital chest X-ray, available at our clinic, helps detect lung abnormalities commonly seen in pulmonary TB.

4. Blood Tests

These may include the Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) or Mantoux (Tuberculin Skin Test) to detect latent infection.

5. Advanced Imaging

In cases of extra-pulmonary TB, CT scans or ultrasound may be recommended.

 

Treatment and Management of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is curable when diagnosed early and treated properly. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics taken for six months or longer under medical supervision.

1. Anti-Tubercular Therapy (ATT)

Standard treatment includes a combination of drugs such as Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol. These medications kill the bacteria and prevent resistance.

2. Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS)

Under India’s National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP), patients receive supervised treatment to ensure they complete their full course.

3. Nutritional Support

Malnutrition weakens immunity, making it harder to fight TB. A balanced diet rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals supports recovery.

4. Regular Follow-Up

Regular medical check-ups help monitor progress, manage side effects, and detect any recurrence or resistance early.

 

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB)

One of the major challenges in TB management is the rise of drug-resistant tuberculosis. This occurs when bacteria survive because treatment was incomplete, incorrect, or inconsistent.

Types of Drug-Resistant TB

  • MDR-TB (Multidrug-Resistant TB): Resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin.
  • XDR-TB (Extensively Drug-Resistant TB): Resistant to multiple drugs including fluoroquinolones and injectables.

Such cases require specialized treatment with advanced drug regimens and close medical supervision. Early detection is crucial for better outcomes.

 

The Role of Vaccination (BCG Vaccine)

The BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) vaccine is administered to most newborns in India and provides protection against severe forms of childhood tuberculosis. While it does not completely prevent pulmonary TB in adults, it helps reduce disease severity and community spread.

 

Preventing Tuberculosis in the Community

TB prevention involves both individual responsibility and community action. Here’s how you can protect yourself and others:

  1. Cover your mouth with a tissue or handkerchief while coughing or sneezing.
  2. Ensure proper ventilation at home and work.
  3. Avoid close contact with people who have active TB until they’ve completed treatment.
  4. Maintain a healthy diet to strengthen your immune system.
  5. Do not discontinue medication early, even if you feel better.
  6. Regular screening for high-risk groups such as diabetics, smokers, and healthcare workers.
  7. Spread awareness to reduce stigma and encourage others to seek help early.

 

Persistent Cough: The Warning Sign You Should Never Ignore

A cough lasting longer than three weeks should never be dismissed as a seasonal allergy, cold, or pollution effect. It could be the first sign of tuberculosis or another serious lung condition like asthma, COPD, or lung cancer.

Ignoring this symptom may not only endanger your health but also put your loved ones at risk. Early medical attention ensures faster recovery, fewer complications, and helps prevent transmission.

 

Tuberculosis and Other Lung Diseases

Many patients with chronic respiratory diseases are more susceptible to tuberculosis due to compromised lung function. For instance:

  • Asthma or COPD patients with prolonged steroid use may experience weakened immunity.
  • Smokers often show overlapping symptoms like chronic cough, delaying TB diagnosis.
  • Lung cancer and TB can sometimes coexist, complicating the diagnostic process.

That’s why expert evaluation by a pulmonologist is essential for anyone experiencing unexplained respiratory symptoms.

 

Breathe Superspeciality Clinic & Diagnostics, Guwahati: Your Trusted Partner in Lung Health

At Breathe Superspeciality Clinic & Diagnostics, we provide comprehensive evaluation, testing, and treatment for all respiratory illnesses including tuberculosis, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, and sleep apnea.

Our facility is equipped with:

  • Digital Chest X-ray
  • Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
  • Sputum Microscopy and GeneXpert
  • Advanced Ultrasonography
  • Specialist Consultation by Experienced Pulmonologists

Our team of lung specialists emphasizes early detection, accurate diagnosis, and patient education. We ensure every patient receives personalized care and strict follow-up during and after TB treatment.

If you or someone you know has had a persistent cough, unexplained fever, or weight loss — don’t wait.
Visit Breathe Superspeciality Clinic & Diagnostics, Guwahati, or call us at 8822153356 for expert guidance.

 

FAQs on Tuberculosis

1. Is TB curable?
Yes. With timely diagnosis and proper medication, tuberculosis is completely curable in most cases.

2. How long does TB treatment take?
Treatment usually lasts 6 months, though drug-resistant cases may take longer.

3. Can TB recur after treatment?
Yes, TB can recur if treatment is incomplete or if the person’s immunity weakens.

4. Can a person with TB go to work or school?
After a few weeks of proper treatment, most patients become non-infectious, but medical advice should always be followed.

5. Is TB contagious through sharing food?
No. TB does not spread by sharing food or utensils.

6. What should I eat during TB treatment?
A protein-rich diet with eggs, fish, pulses, fruits, and vegetables helps improve immunity and recovery.

7. Can smoking or alcohol worsen TB?
Yes. Both smoking and alcohol weaken the lungs and immune system, delaying healing.

8. Should every persistent cough be tested for TB?
Yes. Any cough lasting more than 3 weeks should be evaluated by a doctor to rule out tuberculosis or other lung diseases.

 

 

Tuberculosis is not just a disease of the past — it remains a pressing public health issue in the Northeast. However, with awareness, timely diagnosis, and strict adherence to treatment, TB can be fully cured and controlled.

If you’re experiencing a cough that refuses to go away, visit your nearest lung specialist today.
At Breathe Superspeciality Clinic & Diagnostics, Guwahati, we are committed to helping you breathe better, live healthier, and stay protected.

Contact us:
8822153356
Breathe Superspeciality Clinic & Diagnostics, Guwahati